1. Introduction European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) is a reference work for quality control of medicines in Europe. Chapter 2.2.5 , titled "Relative Density" , provides standardized methods for determining the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance (typically water for liquids and solids, or air for gases) under specified conditions.
[ d_20^20 = \frac\rho_\textsubstance\rho_\textwater ]
Mathematically: