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In 1914, the British, under the pretext of a campaign against slavery and human sacrifice, launched a series of military campaigns against various Nigerian kingdoms and territories. The British exploited divisions among Nigerian leaders and eventually established the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, with Frederick Lugard as its first governor. The British imposed their system of governance, economy, and culture on Nigeria, which would have far-reaching consequences.

In the late 19th century, European powers, including Britain, France, and Germany, were engaged in a fierce competition for colonies in Africa. This period, known as the Scramble for Africa, saw European nations partitioning the continent into spheres of influence, often with little regard for existing ethnic, linguistic, or territorial boundaries. Nigeria, with its strategic location and rich natural resources, became a prized target for British expansion.